{
  "prefix": {
    "pe": "https://proofengine.info/proofs/artificial-sweeteners-such-as-aspartame-and-sucralose-promote-weight-gain-and/",
    "prov": "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#",
    "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
    "schema": "http://schema.org/"
  },
  "entity": {
    "pe:claim": {
      "prov:type": "pe:Claim",
      "prov:label": "Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and sucralose promote weight gain and metabolic disease.",
      "prov:value": "Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and sucralose promote weight gain and metabolic disease."
    },
    "pe:evidence-B1": {
      "prov:type": "pe:EmpiricalEvidence",
      "prov:label": "Azad et al. 2017 CMAJ \u2014 systematic review/meta-analysis finding observational association between NNS consumption and weight gain plus metabolic outcomes across 30 cohort studies (405,907 participants)",
      "pe:factId": "B1",
      "pe:evidenceType": "empirical",
      "pe:sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5515645/",
      "pe:sourceName": "Azad et al. 2017, CMAJ \u2014 Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health (PMC)"
    },
    "pe:evidence-B2": {
      "prov:type": "pe:EmpiricalEvidence",
      "prov:label": "Steffen et al. 2023 Int J Obesity (CARDIA Study) \u2014 25-year prospective cohort (N=3,088), aspartame and saccharin positively associated with adipose tissue volumes and incident obesity",
      "pe:factId": "B2",
      "pe:evidenceType": "empirical",
      "pe:sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37443272/",
      "pe:sourceName": "Steffen et al. 2023, International Journal of Obesity (CARDIA Study) \u2014 Long-term artificial sweetener intake and adiposity (PubMed)"
    },
    "pe:evidence-B3": {
      "prov:type": "pe:EmpiricalEvidence",
      "prov:label": "Kuk & Brown 2016 APNM \u2014 NHANES III cross-sectional study (N=2,856), aspartame consumption associated with greater obesity-related glucose intolerance",
      "pe:factId": "B3",
      "pe:evidenceType": "empirical",
      "pe:sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27216413/",
      "pe:sourceName": "Kuk & Brown 2016, Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism \u2014 Aspartame intake and glucose tolerance in NHANES III (PubMed)"
    },
    "pe:evidence-B4": {
      "prov:type": "pe:EmpiricalEvidence",
      "prov:label": "Suez et al. 2014 Nature \u2014 proposed gut-microbiome mechanism for NAS-induced glucose intolerance (primarily mouse model, limited human data; insufficient for SC2 causal threshold)",
      "pe:factId": "B4",
      "pe:evidenceType": "empirical",
      "pe:sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25231862/",
      "pe:sourceName": "Suez et al. 2014, Nature \u2014 Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota (PubMed)"
    },
    "pe:evidence-A1": {
      "prov:type": "pe:ComputedEvidence",
      "prov:label": "SC1 confirmed source count",
      "pe:factId": "A1",
      "pe:evidenceType": "computed",
      "pe:method": "count(verified sc1 citations) = 3",
      "pe:result": "3"
    },
    "pe:evidence-A2": {
      "prov:type": "pe:ComputedEvidence",
      "prov:label": "SC2 confirmed source count",
      "pe:factId": "A2",
      "pe:evidenceType": "computed",
      "pe:method": "count(verified sc2 citations) = 1",
      "pe:result": "1"
    },
    "pe:verdict": {
      "prov:type": "pe:Verdict",
      "prov:label": "Verdict: PARTIALLY VERIFIED",
      "prov:value": "PARTIALLY VERIFIED",
      "pe:doi": "10.5281/zenodo.19455606"
    }
  },
  "activity": {
    "pe:verify-B1": {
      "prov:type": "pe:CitationVerification",
      "prov:label": "Verify B1: Azad et al. 2017, CMAJ \u2014 Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health (PMC)",
      "pe:status": "verified",
      "pe:method": "full_quote",
      "pe:fetchMode": "live"
    },
    "pe:verify-B2": {
      "prov:type": "pe:CitationVerification",
      "prov:label": "Verify B2: Steffen et al. 2023, International Journal of Obesity (CARDIA Study) \u2014 Long-term artificial sweetener intake and adiposity (PubMed)",
      "pe:status": "verified",
      "pe:method": "full_quote",
      "pe:fetchMode": "live"
    },
    "pe:verify-B3": {
      "prov:type": "pe:CitationVerification",
      "prov:label": "Verify B3: Kuk & Brown 2016, Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism \u2014 Aspartame intake and glucose tolerance in NHANES III (PubMed)",
      "pe:status": "verified",
      "pe:method": "full_quote",
      "pe:fetchMode": "live"
    },
    "pe:verify-B4": {
      "prov:type": "pe:CitationVerification",
      "prov:label": "Verify B4: Suez et al. 2014, Nature \u2014 Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota (PubMed)",
      "pe:status": "verified",
      "pe:method": "full_quote",
      "pe:fetchMode": "live"
    },
    "pe:determine-verdict": {
      "prov:type": "pe:VerdictDetermination",
      "prov:label": "Determine verdict from evidence",
      "prov:endTime": "2026-04-01"
    }
  },
  "agent": {
    "pe:proof-engine": {
      "prov:type": "prov:SoftwareAgent",
      "prov:label": "Proof Engine",
      "schema:version": "1.3.1",
      "schema:url": "https://github.com/yaniv-golan/proof-engine"
    }
  },
  "wasGeneratedBy": {
    "pe:gen-B1": {
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-B1",
      "prov:activity": "pe:verify-B1"
    },
    "pe:gen-B2": {
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-B2",
      "prov:activity": "pe:verify-B2"
    },
    "pe:gen-B3": {
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-B3",
      "prov:activity": "pe:verify-B3"
    },
    "pe:gen-B4": {
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-B4",
      "prov:activity": "pe:verify-B4"
    },
    "pe:gen-verdict": {
      "prov:entity": "pe:verdict",
      "prov:activity": "pe:determine-verdict"
    }
  },
  "wasDerivedFrom": {},
  "wasAttributedTo": {
    "pe:attr-verdict": {
      "prov:entity": "pe:verdict",
      "prov:agent": "pe:proof-engine"
    }
  },
  "used": {
    "pe:used-B1": {
      "prov:activity": "pe:determine-verdict",
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-B1"
    },
    "pe:used-B2": {
      "prov:activity": "pe:determine-verdict",
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-B2"
    },
    "pe:used-B3": {
      "prov:activity": "pe:determine-verdict",
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-B3"
    },
    "pe:used-B4": {
      "prov:activity": "pe:determine-verdict",
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-B4"
    },
    "pe:used-A1": {
      "prov:activity": "pe:determine-verdict",
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-A1"
    },
    "pe:used-A2": {
      "prov:activity": "pe:determine-verdict",
      "prov:entity": "pe:evidence-A2"
    }
  }
}