{
  "format_version": 3,
  "claim_formal": {
    "subject": "quantum entanglement with pre-agreed measurement basis",
    "property": "number of independent authoritative sources confirming this is impossible",
    "operator": ">=",
    "operator_note": "This is a DISPROOF. The claim asserts entanglement enables FTL information transfer with a pre-agreed measurement basis. The no-communication theorem in quantum mechanics proves this is impossible: local measurement statistics are independent of the distant party's measurement choice, so no information can be encoded or decoded superluminally regardless of any pre-agreed protocol. We disprove the claim by finding >= 3 independent authoritative sources that confirm entanglement cannot transmit usable information FTL. The threshold of 3 reflects broad scientific consensus from independent institutions.",
    "threshold": 3,
    "proof_direction": "disprove"
  },
  "claim_natural": "Quantum entanglement enables the transmission of usable information faster than the speed of light when the distant parties pre-agree on a measurement basis.",
  "evidence": {
    "B1": {
      "type": "empirical",
      "label": "Wikipedia: No-communication theorem \u2014 theorem statement",
      "sub_claim": null,
      "source": {
        "name": "Wikipedia \u2014 No-communication theorem",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-communication_theorem",
        "quote": "It asserts that during the measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is impossible for one observer to transmit information to another observer, regardless of their spatial separation."
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "verified",
        "method": "full_quote",
        "coverage_pct": null,
        "fetch_mode": "live",
        "credibility": {
          "domain": "wikipedia.org",
          "source_type": "reference",
          "tier": 3,
          "flags": [],
          "note": "Established reference source"
        }
      },
      "extraction": {
        "value": "verified",
        "value_in_quote": true,
        "quote_snippet": "It asserts that during the measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is impo"
      }
    },
    "B2": {
      "type": "empirical",
      "label": "Caltech Science Exchange \u2014 entanglement does not enable FTL communication",
      "sub_claim": null,
      "source": {
        "name": "Caltech Science Exchange \u2014 Quantum Entanglement",
        "url": "https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/entanglement",
        "quote": "Experiments have shown that this is not true, nor can quantum physics be used to send faster-than-light communications."
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "verified",
        "method": "full_quote",
        "coverage_pct": null,
        "fetch_mode": "live",
        "credibility": {
          "domain": "caltech.edu",
          "source_type": "academic",
          "tier": 4,
          "flags": [],
          "note": "Academic domain (.edu)"
        }
      },
      "extraction": {
        "value": "verified",
        "value_in_quote": true,
        "quote_snippet": "Experiments have shown that this is not true, nor can quantum physics be used to"
      }
    },
    "B3": {
      "type": "empirical",
      "label": "Wikipedia: Faster-than-light communication \u2014 scientific consensus",
      "sub_claim": null,
      "source": {
        "name": "Wikipedia \u2014 Faster-than-light communication",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light_communication",
        "quote": "The current scientific consensus is that faster-than-light communication is not possible, and to date it has not been achieved in any experiment."
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "verified",
        "method": "full_quote",
        "coverage_pct": null,
        "fetch_mode": "live",
        "credibility": {
          "domain": "wikipedia.org",
          "source_type": "reference",
          "tier": 3,
          "flags": [],
          "note": "Established reference source"
        }
      },
      "extraction": {
        "value": "verified",
        "value_in_quote": true,
        "quote_snippet": "The current scientific consensus is that faster-than-light communication is not "
      }
    },
    "B4": {
      "type": "empirical",
      "label": "QSNP (EU Quantum Flagship) \u2014 debunking FTL entanglement myth",
      "sub_claim": null,
      "source": {
        "name": "QSNP (EU Quantum Flagship) \u2014 Debunking quantum myths",
        "url": "https://qsnp.eu/debunking-quantum-myths-entanglement-allows-faster-than-light-communication/",
        "quote": "The catch is that we are not actually sending any information."
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "verified",
        "method": "full_quote",
        "coverage_pct": null,
        "fetch_mode": "live",
        "credibility": {
          "domain": "qsnp.eu",
          "source_type": "unknown",
          "tier": 2,
          "flags": [],
          "note": "Unclassified domain \u2014 verify source authority manually"
        }
      },
      "extraction": {
        "value": "verified",
        "value_in_quote": true,
        "quote_snippet": "The catch is that we are not actually sending any information."
      }
    },
    "A1": {
      "type": "computed",
      "label": "Verified source count meeting disproof threshold",
      "sub_claim": null,
      "method": "count(verified citations) = 4",
      "result": "4",
      "depends_on": []
    }
  },
  "cross_checks": [
    {
      "description": "Multiple independent sources consulted",
      "n_sources_consulted": 4,
      "n_sources_verified": 4,
      "sources": {
        "source_a": "verified",
        "source_b": "verified",
        "source_c": "verified",
        "source_d": "verified"
      },
      "independence_note": "Sources are from 4 different institutions/publications: Wikipedia (community encyclopedia citing physics literature), Caltech (university research institution), Wikipedia FTL article (separate article with distinct references), QSNP/EU Quantum Flagship (European research consortium). All trace to independent primary physics research and the mathematically proven no-communication theorem.",
      "fact_ids": []
    }
  ],
  "adversarial_checks": [
    {
      "question": "Is there any credible peer-reviewed physics paper demonstrating FTL information transfer via entanglement with pre-agreed measurement bases?",
      "verification_performed": "Searched for: 'pre-agreed measurement basis entanglement superluminal signaling loophole scheme'. Reviewed results from arXiv, Physics Forums, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and Wikipedia.",
      "finding": "No credible peer-reviewed source demonstrates FTL information transfer via entanglement. Proposed schemes (e.g., Gao Shan 2003) have been refuted. The no-communication theorem is mathematically proven under standard quantum mechanics. All search results confirm the impossibility.",
      "breaks_proof": false
    },
    {
      "question": "Does pre-agreeing on a measurement basis create any loophole in the no-communication theorem?",
      "verification_performed": "Searched for: 'quantum entanglement FTL information transfer pre-agreed measurement basis impossibility'. Reviewed Physics Forums discussions and the arXiv paper 2001.08867.",
      "finding": "Pre-agreeing on a measurement basis does not create a loophole. The no-communication theorem proves that Bob's local measurement statistics are completely independent of Alice's measurement choice, regardless of any prior agreement. Each party sees random 50/50 outcomes locally; correlations only emerge when results are compared via a classical (light-speed-limited) channel.",
      "breaks_proof": false
    },
    {
      "question": "Has any experiment ever demonstrated superluminal information transfer using quantum entanglement?",
      "verification_performed": "Searched for: 'quantum entanglement enables faster than light communication claim debunked physics'. Reviewed phys.org, Caltech, and QSNP articles.",
      "finding": "No experiment has ever demonstrated FTL information transfer. Wikipedia's Faster-than-light communication article states: 'The current scientific consensus is that faster-than-light communication is not possible, and to date it has not been achieved in any experiment.'",
      "breaks_proof": false
    }
  ],
  "verdict": {
    "value": "DISPROVED",
    "qualified": false,
    "qualifier": null,
    "reason": null
  },
  "key_results": {
    "n_confirmed": 4,
    "threshold": 3,
    "operator": ">=",
    "claim_holds": true
  },
  "generator": {
    "name": "proof-engine",
    "version": "0.10.0",
    "repo": "https://github.com/yaniv-golan/proof-engine",
    "generated_at": "2026-03-28"
  },
  "proof_py_url": "/proofs/quantum-entanglement-enables-the-transmission-of-u/proof.py",
  "citation": {
    "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.19489844",
    "concept_doi": "10.5281/zenodo.19489843",
    "url": "https://proofengine.info/proofs/quantum-entanglement-enables-the-transmission-of-u/",
    "author": "Proof Engine",
    "cite_bib_url": "/proofs/quantum-entanglement-enables-the-transmission-of-u/cite.bib",
    "cite_ris_url": "/proofs/quantum-entanglement-enables-the-transmission-of-u/cite.ris"
  },
  "depends_on": []
}