""" Proof: The paper "Goh AC, Gill IS. Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections. Eur Urol Focus. (2024) 11:80-8" does not exist. Generated: 2026-05-21 This is an absence-of-evidence proof. It documents systematic searches of four independent scholarly indexes (PubMed, Europe PMC, OpenAlex, Crossref) for any record of a published journal article matching the disputed citation, and records two independent lines of corroboration in the adversarial checks. """ import os import sys from urllib.parse import urlparse PROOF_ENGINE_ROOT = os.environ.get("PROOF_ENGINE_ROOT") if not PROOF_ENGINE_ROOT: _d = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) while _d != os.path.dirname(_d): if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(_d, "proof-engine", "skills", "proof-engine", "scripts")): PROOF_ENGINE_ROOT = os.path.join(_d, "proof-engine", "skills", "proof-engine") break _d = os.path.dirname(_d) if not PROOF_ENGINE_ROOT: raise RuntimeError("PROOF_ENGINE_ROOT not set and skill dir not found via walk-up from proof.py") sys.path.insert(0, PROOF_ENGINE_ROOT) from datetime import date from scripts.verify_citations import verify_search_registry, verify_all_citations from scripts.computations import compare, apply_verdict_qualifier from scripts.proof_summary import ProofSummaryBuilder # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 1. CLAIM INTERPRETATION (Rule 4) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLAIM_NATURAL = ( "The paper 'Goh AC, Gill IS. Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections. " "Eur Urol Focus. (2024) 11:80–8' does not exist." ) CLAIM_FORMAL = { "subject": ( "the journal article cited as 'Goh AC, Gill IS. Wallace anastomosis in " "complex dissections. Eur Urol Focus. (2024) 11:80–8'" ), "property": ( "absence of any indexed record of a published article matching this citation" ), "operator": ">=", "operator_note": ( "Absence-of-evidence proof. 'Does not exist' is operationalised as: no " "published journal article matching the disputed citation -- this exact " "title, attributed to A.C. Goh and I.S. Gill, in the journal European " "Urology Focus -- can be located in any major scholarly index or in the " "journal's own catalogue. The verdict ceiling for an absence proof is " "SUPPORTED, never PROVED: comprehensive searching strongly supports " "non-existence but cannot logically exclude an unindexed record. " "result_count is the number of indexed records that MATCH the cited " "article; for relevance-ranked databases, unrelated ranked candidates " "returned by a fuzzy query are not matches and do not count toward it. " "result_count values are author-reported and reproducible via the " "search_url links but are not machine-verified. The exact citation " "string does occur once -- in the reference list of a single article " "(Frontiers in Oncology, 2025; DOI 10.3389/fonc.2025.1613772) -- but a " "reference-list entry is a claim that a paper exists, not the paper " "itself, and is the very artefact this claim concerns. Two independent " "lines of corroboration are documented in the adversarial checks: " "(1) the citation is internally inconsistent -- European Urology Focus " "volume 11 corresponds to 2025, not 2024; and (2) sibling references in " "that same reference list carry DOIs that resolve to unrelated papers, " "indicating a pattern of fabricated citations." ), "search_threshold": 3, # min unique accessible databases with null results "corroboration_threshold": 0, # corroborating citation sources optional "proof_direction": "absence", } # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 2. FACT REGISTRY # S{N} = database searches; A1 = computed count of null-result databases # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- FACT_REGISTRY = { "S1": {"key": "pubmed_title", "label": "PubMed: exact-title phrase search"}, "S2": {"key": "pubmed_author", "label": "PubMed: Goh AC as author in European Urology Focus"}, "S3": {"key": "europepmc_title", "label": "Europe PMC: exact-title field search"}, "S4": {"key": "europepmc_author", "label": "Europe PMC: Goh AC as author in European Urology Focus"}, "S5": {"key": "openalex", "label": "OpenAlex: title search"}, "S6": {"key": "crossref", "label": "Crossref: exact-title match among indexed works"}, "A1": {"label": "Unique accessible databases with null results", "method": None, "result": None}, } # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 3. SEARCH REGISTRY -- systematic database searches (all returned 0 matches) # result_count == 0 marks a null search that counts toward the threshold. # Searches run 2026-05-21. Counts reproducible via the search_url links. # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- search_registry = { "pubmed_title": { "database": "PubMed", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/", "search_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Wallace+anastomosis+in+complex+dissections%22", "query_terms": ['"Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections" (exact title phrase)'], "date_range": "all years indexed by PubMed; searched 2026-05-21", "result_count": 0, "source_name": "NIH National Library of Medicine -- PubMed", }, "pubmed_author": { "database": "PubMed", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/", "search_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Goh+AC%5BAuthor%5D+AND+%22European+Urology+Focus%22%5BJournal%5D", "query_terms": ['Goh AC[Author] AND "European Urology Focus"[Journal]'], "date_range": "all years indexed by PubMed; searched 2026-05-21", "result_count": 0, "source_name": "NIH National Library of Medicine -- PubMed", }, "europepmc_title": { "database": "Europe PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/", "search_url": "https://europepmc.org/search?query=TITLE%3A%22Wallace%20anastomosis%20in%20complex%20dissections%22", "query_terms": ['TITLE:"Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections"'], "date_range": "all years indexed by Europe PMC; searched 2026-05-21", "result_count": 0, "source_name": "EMBL-EBI -- Europe PMC", }, "europepmc_author": { "database": "Europe PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/", "search_url": "https://europepmc.org/search?query=AUTH%3A%22Goh%20AC%22%20AND%20JOURNAL%3A%22European%20Urology%20Focus%22", "query_terms": ['AUTH:"Goh AC" AND JOURNAL:"European Urology Focus"'], "date_range": "all years indexed by Europe PMC; searched 2026-05-21", "result_count": 0, "source_name": "EMBL-EBI -- Europe PMC", }, "openalex": { "database": "OpenAlex", "url": "https://openalex.org/", "search_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=title.search:Wallace%20anastomosis%20in%20complex%20dissections", "query_terms": ["title.search:Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections"], "date_range": "all years indexed by OpenAlex (~250M works); searched 2026-05-21", "result_count": 0, "source_name": "OurResearch -- OpenAlex", }, "crossref": { "database": "Crossref", "url": "https://www.crossref.org/", "search_url": "https://api.crossref.org/works?query.title=Wallace+anastomosis+in+complex+dissections&rows=20", "query_terms": [ "query.title=Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections " "(exact-title matches among Crossref-registered works)" ], "date_range": "all years of Crossref DOI registrations; searched 2026-05-21", "result_count": 0, "source_name": "Crossref -- DOI registration agency", }, } # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 4. SEARCH REGISTRY VERIFICATION (checks search_url accessibility) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- search_results = verify_search_registry(search_registry) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 5. COUNT UNIQUE DATABASES WITH NULL RESULTS FROM ACCESSIBLE URLS # Dedup by URL domain -- multiple queries to one database count once. # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- null_databases = set() reviewed_databases = set() for key, entry in search_registry.items(): domain = urlparse(entry["url"]).netloc if search_results[key]["status"] != "accessible": continue if entry["result_count"] == 0: null_databases.add(domain) else: reviewed_databases.add(domain) n_null_verified = len(null_databases) n_reviewed = len(reviewed_databases - null_databases) print(f" Unique databases with null results (accessible): {n_null_verified}") print(f" Unique databases with reviewed results only: {n_reviewed}") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 6. CORROBORATING SOURCES -- none (corroboration_threshold is 0). # The two corroboration lines (volume/year contradiction; fabricated-DOI # pattern) are documented as adversarial checks, not citation-verified facts. # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- empirical_facts = {} COUNTABLE_STATUSES = ("verified", "partial") if empirical_facts: citation_results = verify_all_citations(empirical_facts, wayback_fallback=True) n_corroborating = sum( 1 for key in empirical_facts if citation_results.get(key, {}).get("status") in COUNTABLE_STATUSES ) else: citation_results = {} n_corroborating = 0 print(f" Verified corroborating sources: {n_corroborating}") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 7. CLAIM EVALUATION -- both thresholds must be met independently # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- searches_met = compare(n_null_verified, ">=", CLAIM_FORMAL["search_threshold"], label="null accessible databases vs threshold") corroboration_met = compare(n_corroborating, ">=", CLAIM_FORMAL["corroboration_threshold"], label="corroborating sources vs threshold") claim_holds = compare(int(searches_met and corroboration_met), ">=", 1, label="both thresholds met") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 8. ADVERSARIAL CHECKS (Rule 5) -- documents Step 2 research performed on # 2026-05-21. Past tense: these record investigation, not run-time searches. # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- adversarial_checks = [ { "question": "Can the PubMed searches be reproduced and do they confirm 0 results?", "verification_performed": ( "Queried the PubMed E-utilities API and the public PubMed search page on " "2026-05-21. esearch term='\"Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections\"' " "returned count=0. esearch term='Goh AC[Author] AND \"European Urology " "Focus\"[Journal]' returned count=0 with the message 'No items found'." ), "finding": ( "PubMed accessible; both queries return 0 records. No article with this " "title is indexed, and A.C. Goh has no article indexed in European " "Urology Focus." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, { "question": "Can the Europe PMC searches be reproduced and do they confirm 0 results?", "verification_performed": ( "Queried the Europe PMC REST API on 2026-05-21. " "query='TITLE:\"Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections\"' returned " "hitCount=0. query='AUTH:\"Goh AC\" AND JOURNAL:\"European Urology Focus\"' " "returned hitCount=0." ), "finding": ( "Europe PMC accessible; both queries return 0 records. Europe PMC " "aggregates PubMed, PubMed Central, preprint servers, Agricola and " "patents, so a 0 hitCount spans an exceptionally broad corpus." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, { "question": "Can the OpenAlex search be reproduced and does it confirm 0 results?", "verification_performed": ( "Queried the OpenAlex API on 2026-05-21. " "filter=title.search:Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections returned " "meta.count=0 across the ~250-million-work OpenAlex index." ), "finding": ( "OpenAlex accessible; 0 works match the title. OpenAlex ingests Crossref, " "PubMed, and many other sources, so this is a wide independent index." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, { "question": "Can the Crossref search be reproduced and does it confirm 0 results?", "verification_performed": ( "Queried the Crossref REST API on 2026-05-21. A query.title search and a " "journal-scoped scan of European Urology Focus (ISSN 2405-4569) were both " "examined; 0 indexed works carry the exact title 'Wallace anastomosis in " "complex dissections', and no European Urology Focus work has that title " "or lists A.C. Goh as an author of an article so titled. The disputed " "citation also has no DOI." ), "finding": ( "Crossref accessible; 0 records match the cited article. Crossref is the " "DOI registration agency for Elsevier (the publisher of European Urology " "Focus), so a real article would carry a registered DOI here." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, { "question": ( "Could the relevance-ranked candidates returned by fuzzy title queries " "actually be the disputed paper under a different wording?" ), "verification_performed": ( "Reviewed the ranked candidate lists returned by the Crossref and OpenAlex " "fuzzy title queries and by Google Scholar / web search for the title." ), "finding": ( "Every ranked candidate is a different, real publication on ureteroileal " "anastomosis (e.g. 'Wallace method of ureteroileal anastomosis', Urology " "1975; 'Evaluation of Ureterointestinal Anastomosis: Wallace vs Bricker'). " "None is titled 'Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections' and none is " "authored by Goh and Gill. Fuzzy databases return ranked near-matches even " "for non-existent titles, so these candidates are not counter-evidence." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, { "question": "Is there ANY published evidence that the cited paper exists?", "verification_performed": ( "Searched for every occurrence of the exact title string across web " "search, Google Scholar, and the four scholarly indexes." ), "finding": ( "The exact citation string occurs in exactly one place: the reference " "list of the article 'Comparative analysis of ureteroileal anastomotic " "stricture rates: Bricker versus Wallace techniques...' (Frontiers in " "Oncology, 2025, DOI 10.3389/fonc.2025.1613772), as reference entry " "'Goh AC, Gill IS. Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections. Eur Urol " "Focus. (2024) 11:80-8' with NO DOI. A reference-list entry is a claim " "that a paper exists; it is not the paper, and is precisely the artefact " "this proof's claim concerns. No indexed article, registered DOI, or " "journal-catalogue entry corresponds to it. This does not break the " "proof -- it confirms the disputed citation has no referent." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, { "question": ( "Does the citation's sole point of origin show signs that the reference " "is fabricated rather than a real-but-poorly-indexed paper?" ), "verification_performed": ( "Examined the sibling references in the same Frontiers in Oncology " "reference list and resolved their DOIs via the Crossref API on 2026-05-21." ), "finding": ( "The reference list shows a clear pattern of fabricated citations. Three " "sibling references carry DOIs that resolve to entirely unrelated papers: " "10.1007/s00423-021-02413-4 (cited as 'Kouba ES et al. Urol Oncol (2024) " "42:15-24') actually resolves to a 2021 paper in Langenbeck's Archives of " "Surgery; 10.1111/bju.12121 (cited as 'Goh AC, Gill IS, Desai MM. J Urol " "(2024) 211:45-55') actually resolves to a 2013 paper in BJU " "International; 10.1016/j.ucl.2005.02.001 (cited as 'Goh AC, Gill IS. Eur " "Urol Focus (2024) 10:50-8') actually resolves to a 2005 paper in " "Urologic Clinics of North America. The disputed reference itself has no " "DOI at all. This pattern is consistent with AI-hallucinated citations " "and corroborates that the disputed paper does not exist." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, { "question": "Is the disputed citation internally consistent on volume and year?", "verification_performed": ( "Cross-referenced European Urology Focus volume numbering via the Crossref " "API on 2026-05-21: the journal began at volume 1 in 2015; articles " "published in 2024 carry volume 10; articles published in 2025 carry " "volume 11." ), "finding": ( "The disputed citation pairs '(2024)' with 'volume 11'. European Urology " "Focus volume 11 corresponds to publication year 2025, and 2024 " "corresponds to volume 10. No real article in this journal can satisfy " "both coordinates simultaneously -- the citation is internally " "inconsistent. This is independent corroboration that the citation does " "not describe a real paper; it does not break the proof." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, { "question": ( "Could a real paper by these authors on this topic exist under different " "citation coordinates, making the claim too strong?" ), "verification_performed": ( "A.C. Goh and I.S. Gill are real urologic surgeons who have co-published. " "Searched their joint publication record on PubMed on 2026-05-21 " "('Goh AC[Author] AND Gill IS[Author] AND Wallace')." ), "finding": ( "The only Goh-AC + Gill-IS record involving 'Wallace' in PubMed is PMID " "25016136, 'Robotic intracorporeal orthotopic neobladder during radical " "cystectomy in 132 patients', J Urol 2014;192:1734-40 -- a different " "paper with a different title in a different journal and year. No paper " "titled 'Wallace anastomosis in complex dissections' by these authors " "exists in any index. The disputed citation recombines real authors, a " "real journal, and a real surgical technique into a reference whose " "target does not exist." ), "breaks_proof": False, }, ] # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # 9. VERDICT AND STRUCTURED OUTPUT # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- if __name__ == "__main__": is_absence = CLAIM_FORMAL.get("proof_direction") == "absence" any_breaks = any(ac.get("breaks_proof") for ac in adversarial_checks) any_unverified = any( cr["status"] != "verified" for cr in citation_results.values() ) if any_breaks: base_verdict = "UNDETERMINED" elif claim_holds: if is_absence: base_verdict = "SUPPORTED" elif CLAIM_FORMAL.get("proof_direction") == "disprove": base_verdict = "DISPROVED" else: base_verdict = "PROVED" else: base_verdict = "UNDETERMINED" verdict = apply_verdict_qualifier(base_verdict, any_unverified) builder = ProofSummaryBuilder(CLAIM_NATURAL, CLAIM_FORMAL) for fid, info in FACT_REGISTRY.items(): if fid.startswith("S"): sr_key = info["key"] entry = search_registry[sr_key] sr = search_results.get(sr_key, {}) builder.add_search_fact( fid, label=info["label"], database=entry["database"], url=entry["url"], search_url=entry["search_url"], query_terms=", ".join(entry["query_terms"]), date_range=entry["date_range"], result_count=entry["result_count"], source_name=entry["source_name"], ) builder.set_extraction( fid, value=sr.get("status", "unknown"), value_in_quote=sr.get("status") == "accessible", quote_snippet=f"result_count={entry['result_count']}", ) builder.add_computed_fact( "A1", label="Unique accessible databases with null results", method=f"count of unique accessible databases with result_count == 0 = {n_null_verified}", result=n_null_verified, depends_on=[fid for fid in FACT_REGISTRY if fid.startswith("S")], ) builder.add_cross_check( description=( "Systematic searches of four independent scholarly indexes for any " "record of the disputed article" ), fact_ids=[fid for fid in FACT_REGISTRY if fid.startswith("S")], n_databases_searched=len(search_registry), n_null_verified=n_null_verified, n_reviewed=n_reviewed, databases={ key: { "database": entry["database"], "result_count": entry["result_count"], "status": search_results[key]["status"], } for key, entry in search_registry.items() }, independence_note=( "PubMed (NLM), Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), OpenAlex (OurResearch) and " "Crossref (DOI registration agency) maintain separate indexes with " "independent ingestion pipelines; all four would index a genuine 2024 " "or 2025 European Urology Focus article." ), agreement=claim_holds, ) for ac in adversarial_checks: builder.add_adversarial_check( question=ac["question"], verification_performed=ac["verification_performed"], finding=ac["finding"], breaks_proof=ac["breaks_proof"], ) builder.set_verdict(base_verdict, any_unverified=any_unverified) builder.set_key_results( n_databases_searched=len(search_registry), n_null_verified=n_null_verified, n_reviewed=n_reviewed, n_corroborating=n_corroborating, search_threshold=CLAIM_FORMAL["search_threshold"], corroboration_threshold=CLAIM_FORMAL["corroboration_threshold"], searches_met=searches_met, corroboration_met=corroboration_met, claim_holds=claim_holds, ) print() print(f"VERDICT: {verdict}") print() builder.emit()